Institutional Transformation of the National Defense Council from a Human Rights and Human Security Perspective in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Multidimensional threats such as cyberattacks, disinformation, public health crises, and geopolitical tensions have transformed national security from a state-centered issue into a broader governance problem involving human security and the protection of human rights. In Indonesia, Law Number 3 of 2002 on National Defense and Presidential Regulation Number 202 of 2024 on the National Defense Council provide the legal basis for national defense governance. However, these legal instruments have not fully ensured integrated, accountable, and human rights-oriented coordination in responding to contemporary multidimensional threats. This study aims to analyze and formulate a human rights-based institutional transformation model for the National Defense Council as a strategic policy integrator within Indonesia’s national security governance. This research employs a mixed methods sequential exploratory design. The qualitative phase was conducted through in-depth interviews with seven key informants, literature review, and regulatory analysis, while the quantitative phase involved a survey of 150 respondents in the defense and security sector analyzed using SEM-PLS. The findings show that the National Defense Council has limited coordinative authority, sectoral and ad hoc coordination patterns, and the absence of an integrated analytical secretariat. The quantitative results indicate that institutional transformation has a positive and significant effect on the Governance Model of Indonesia (β = 0.805; p < 0.001), with a very large effect size (f² = 1.847) and strong explanatory power (R² = 0.649). However, this relationship should be interpreted as a significant empirical contribution rather than as the sole determinant of national security governance. The proposed transformation design consists of strengthened coordinative authority, an integrated analytical secretariat, regulatory harmonization, cross-sectoral policy coordination, and accountability safeguards through democratic oversight, transparency, judicial control, parliamentary supervision, and human rights review. The study concludes that revising Presidential Regulation Number 202 of 2024 is necessary to strengthen the National Defense Council as an adaptive, accountable, and human security-oriented institution within the rule-of-law framework.
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