A Study on Anxiety, Facility, and Protective Measures of Health Professionals of Bangladesh
Main Article Content
Abstract
As part of the worldwide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection, Bangladesh was infected. The firstthree cases were confirmed by the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) in the first week of March 2020. The Bangladeshi government immediately required its citizens to comply with the national lockdown to curb the spread of a virus where everyone keeps themselves safe and protected at home except for medical professionals, who risk treating patients in a hospital. This article explores the situation medical professionals go through during the pandemic. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional survey based on frequently asked questions (FAQ). Primary data were obtained from 200 respondents (doctors, nurses, medical professionals). According to the study, the lack of access and availability of PPE such as Particulate Respirator Masks, face shields, protective clothing, protective gloves, and hand sanitizer/disinfectant as facilities in hospitals causes Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, and Post-Stress Disorder Trauma from before. However, a positive correlation was found between lack of supply of protective equipment and increased anxiety, panic disorder, social phobia, etc., among healthcare professionals.
Article Details
Copyright and License
Authors who publish with Khazanah Sosial agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain the copyright of their work and grant Khazanah Sosial the right of first publication. The work is simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which permits others to share the work, provided that appropriate credit is given to the authors and the original publication in Khazanah Sosial is acknowledged.
-
Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of their work, such as depositing it in an institutional repository or including it in a book, provided that its initial publication in Khazanah Sosial is acknowledged.
-
Authors are permitted and encouraged to share their work online, including through institutional repositories and personal websites, before and during the submission process. Such sharing may facilitate scholarly exchange and increase the visibility and citation of published work. For further information, see The Effect of Open Access.
References
Ahmed, O., Faisal, R. A., Sharker, T., Lee, S. A., & Jobe, M. C. (2020). Adaptation of the Bangla Version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00357-2
Apuke, O. D. (2017). Quantitative research methods: A synopsis approach. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 33(5471), 1–8.
Bangla Tribune. (2020). 7995 Doctors, Medical and Health Officers are Infected with Coronavirus. Bangla Tribune. https://www.banglatribune.com/others/news/643981/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%259F-%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6
Bangladesh Peace Observatory. (2020). Peace Graphics/Covid19 Graphics. Bangladesh Peace Observatory. http://peaceobservatory-cgs.org/#/highlights
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Carlos, W. G., Dela Cruz, C. S., Cao, B., Pasnick, S., & Jamil, S. (2020). COVID-19 disease due to SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 201(4), P7–P8.
Darkwa, E. K., Newman, M. S., Kawkab, M., & Chowdhury, M. E. (2015). A qualitative study of factors influencing retention of doctors and nurses at rural healthcare facilities in Bangladesh. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-1012-z
Du Toit, A. (2020). Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18(3), 123.
Dyrbye, L. N., Shanafelt, T. D., Sinsky, C. A., Cipriano, P. F., Bhatt, J., Ommaya, A., West, C. P., & Meyers, D. (2017). Burnout among health care professionals: a call to explore and address this underrecognized threat to safe, high-quality care. NAM Perspectives.
Eva, E. O., Islam, M. Z., Mosaddek, A. S. M., Rahman, M. F., Rozario, R. J., Iftekhar, A. F. M. H., Ahmed, T. S., Jahan, I.,
Abubakar, A. R., Dali, W. P. E. W., Razzaque, M. S., Habib, R. Bin, &
Haque, M. (2015). Prevalence of stress among medical students: A comparative study between public and private medical schools in Bangladesh. BMC Research Notes, 8(1), 327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1295-5
Institute of Epidemiology, D. C. and R. (2020). COVID-19
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).
Kim, S.-W., Park, W.-Y., Jhon, M., Kim, M., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, S.-Y., Kim,
J.-M., Shin, I.-S., & Yoon, J.-S. (2019). Physical health literacy and health-related behaviors in patients with psychosis. Clinical
Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 17(2), 279.
Kim, S.-W., & Su, K.-P. (2020). Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 4–5.
Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123–127.
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K. S. M., Lau, E. H. Y., & Wong, J. Y. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine.
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093
Lu, W., Wang, H., Lin, Y., & Li, L. (2020). Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112936.
Mahmud, I., Azad, K. A. K., Al Mamun, A., Hoque, M. M., Mallik, M. U., Moniruzzaman, M., Saha, S., Mark, S. H. K., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Psychological Assessment of Doctors Working in a Pandemic Condition in Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons, 50–55.
Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. (2020). National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from National Health Commission of the People’s
Republic of China: National Health Commission of the People’s
Republic of China. http://en.nhc.gov.cn/news.html
National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Anxiety Disorder.
National Institute of Mental Health.
NikÄević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2020). The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale: Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113322
Nishiura, H., Jung, S., Linton, N. M., Kinoshita, R., Yang, Y.,
Hayashi, K., Kobayashi, T., Yuan, B., & Akhmetzhanov, A. R. (2020). The extent of transmission of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, 2020. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Personal protective equipment for COVID-19. (n.d.).
Sadiq, M. S., Morshed, N. M., Rahman, W., Chowdhury, N. F., Yasir
Arafat, S. M., & Mullick, M. S. I. (2019). Depression, anxiety, stress
among postgraduate medical residents: A Cross sectional
Observation in Bangladesh. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 141(3),
–197. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v14i3.1320
Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and
addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama, 323(21), 2133–2134.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A
brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-
Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., &
Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of
the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232
Wang, C. J., Ng, C. Y., & Brook, R. H. (2020). Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing. Jama, 323(14), 1341–1342.
WHO | Personal protective equipment for COVID-19. (n.d.).
World Health Organization. (2019). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-
. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2020a). Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19). In World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2020b). WHO delivers advice and
support for older people during COVID-19. WHO.
Zhang, S. X., Liu, J., Jahanshahi, A. A., Nawaser, K., Yousefi, A., Li,
J., & Sun, S. (2020). At the height of the storm: Healthcare staff’s
health conditions and job satisfaction and their associated predictors during the epidemic peak of COVID-19. Brain, Behavior,
and Immunity, 87, 144–146.
Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. Di, Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. Q., Lu, G. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a
perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2), E15–E25.